Aaron J. Jenne / Seymour Johnson Air Force Base
An electric meter is installed on a home at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina.
Michigan utilities spend tens of millions of dollars each year on rebates, energy audits and other programs to help customers cut their energy bills.
Most of that spending isn’t helping the customers who could use the savings the most, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Michigan.
The study from the school’s Urban Energy Justice Lab found energy efficiency programs at Michigan’s two largest utilities disproportionately benefit wealthier ratepayers.
About 35 percent of Michigan utility customers qualify as low-income, but only about 12 percent and 17 percent of electric efficiency investments by Consumers Energy and DTE Energy, respectively, went into programs aimed at low-income households.
On an energy savings basis, the disparity is even wider. For every kilowatt-hour efficiency programs saved for low-income residents, up to 22 kilowatt-hours were saved for higher-income customers.
The authors said their findings reveal an unintended social consequence of the way Michigan’s Energy Waste Reduction programs are structured. State law requires utilities to seek out cost-effective energy savings, and low-income programs generally cost a lot more per-kilowatt-hour savings compared to other programs.
The report warns that states must consider social equity to avoid discriminating against vulnerable populations.
“We want to make sure we’re not leaving out one-third of the state’s population,” said graduate student Ben Stacey, who co-authored the report with Tony Reames, director of the Urban Energy Justice Lab.
A spokesman for the Michigan Public Service Commission said it’s important that all types of customers be able to participate in energy saving programs, and that the commission is working to make sure utilities’ conservation plans for 2018 deliver “the most cost-effective programs which will benefit all Michigan residents and businesses.”
DTE officials were reviewing the study this week and declined to comment.
Consumers spokeswoman Katelyn Carey said the utility is increasing its investment in low-income efficiency programs in 2018 by 40 percent. It distributes free LED light bulbs to food banks, which she said was not included in the study, and it also considers customer education an important piece of its low-income program.
She also noted that almost a quarter of the company’s energy efficiency investments assist low-income households when you combine electric and natural gas. (The study found natural gas efficiency programs were more evenly distributed.)
Establishing a baseline
State law requires regulated utilities to achieve a percentage of energy savings based on electric retail sales from the previous year: 0.75 percent for gas and 1 percent for electric. Since 2008, ratepayers have saved billions of dollars in energy costs through efficiency programs, with $4.35 saved for each dollar spent.
Utility customers pay for efficiency programs through an on-bill surcharge, with residential ratepayers supporting residential programs and commercial and industrial customers supporting those customer classes. The report notes that both customer classes contribute to low-income programs.
The researchers analyzed data from the utilities’ annual efficiency program reports filed with the Michigan Public Service Commission. Between 2010 and 2016, the utilities spent $596 million on residential efficiency programs for gas and electric customers. Consumers spent $160 million on electric programs during that time, $18.7 million of which was for low-income customers. DTE spent $237 million, with $40 million of that for low-income electric customers.
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The study created an “Energy Efficiency Equitable baseline” to show how much investment programs should receive if they were based proportionally on the number of customers. Basically, if low-income residents make up 30 percent of the rate base, then they should receive 30 percent of program funding.
According to that baseline, the utilities underspent on low-income electric programs by around $74 million.
Stacey said it would take further study to determine why gas efficiency program spending is more equitable than the electric side: “I suspect certain measures that are relied on for electric programs tend to be marketed toward high-income consumers,” he said.
Stacey said such a baseline could be useful for determining the equitability of efficiency spending in other utility service areas.
“We’re hoping to do a multi-state study,” Stacey said. “I think there is potential to have an enormous impact for low-income communities in Michigan and beyond. This quantitative measure would help regulators and utilities stick to more consistent investment levels.”
Equality vs. efficiency
Efficiency advocates agreed it’s a topic that could use further research.
“I think it’s good that someone is keeping an eye on the utilities in this regard. We don’t want the low-income population to be neglected,” said Martin Kushler, a senior fellow with the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. Kushler added that a multi-state analysis would be helpful in comparing Michigan with others.
Ultimately, Kushler said the report’s findings are “not surprising, given the primary objective of these programs is to acquire a low-cost resource. The cost of saving energy in the low-income sector is considerably higher compared to the other programs.”
A recent report facilitated by the Department of Energy found the average cost for low-income programs was 13 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2012 compared to 4 cents for efficiency programs “in all sectors.” Among the factors that increase costs: outreach can be more challenging, customers often aren’t asked to contribute as much money, and poorer housing conditions can increase the cost of improvements.
Given that general programs provide more bang for the buck, Kushler said utility spending between the two income groups shouldn’t be at a one-to-one ratio.
“If the utility objective is to spend its available budget acquiring low-cost resources, I can understand why they would direct more spending to the other sector,” Kushler said. “If there were not statutory or regulatory requirements to make sure low-income customers are served, (utilities) might put all of their low-income spending into other programs.”
A focus on low-income customers has been a topic for a working group at the Michigan Public Service Commission that is studying efficiency programs as a result of comprehensive energy legislation passed last year.
Justin Schott, executive director of EcoWorks Detroit, said there’s been a growing discussion with utilities and the commission about the lack of equity in how energy efficiency dollars are spent.
“I think it’s a missed opportunity we have now,” Schott said, “but it’s also just not a fair way to distribute energy savings.”